Sawaal az : ...
Salamun Alaikum.
Ijtehaad aur qeyaas aek hi chiz nahi hain balke dono me farq hai, ijtehaad me dalil aur burhaan ke zariye hukm akhz kiya jaata hai aur qeyaas me apni raa'ae aur gumaan wa kheyaal ke zariye se hukm malum kiya jaata hai
Ji, deen aur ahkaame aelaahi me qeyaas se kaam lena haraam hai, rewayaat me is ki bahot mazammat ki gaei hai
Ijtehaad aur qeyaas aise mauzu'aat hain jis ke baare me hamaare olama aur maraaje keraam Najafe ashraf aur Qum al moqaddasah me apne darse khaarij ... me barson bahas karte hain aur is ta'alluq se badi badi ketaaben bhi likhi hain, ye mauzu'aat olama aur mujtahedeen se marbut hain lehaaza aam momenine geraami ke liye chand line me is ke baare me bayaan karna bahot mushkil wa sakht hai, bahar haal mokhtasar jawab molaaheza farmaa'aen :
Ijtehaad ki taarif :
Makhsus sharaa'aet wa o'sulo qawaanin ke motaabiq motabar dalilon se oun ahkaame shar'ei ko maalum wa akhz karna jo nahi maalum hai
Is me mujtahedeen ki zaati ra'ae wa kheyaal ki modakhelat nahi hoti hai
Asre haazir ke jadid masaa'ael me ijtehaad ki ashad zarurat hai
Qeyaas ki taarif :
Kisi chiz ka hukm maalum hai aur kisi dusri chiz ka hukm nahi maalum hai, maalum aur naa maalum chiz me moshaabehat ki bena par qeyaas kar ke kahen naa maalum chiz ka bhi wahi hukm hai jo maalum chiz ka hai, masalan maalum hai ke ye kaala angur mitha hai aur kisi dusri kaali chiz ke baare me nahi maalum ke mithi hai ya nahi, angur aur ous chiz me moshaabehat kaala hona hai lehaaza kahen kaala angur mitha hai lehaaza ye kaali chiz bhi mithi hai, jabke har kaali chiz mithi nahi hoti hai
Fiqhi misaal :
Malum hai ke zena se bada gunaah qatl hai, dono me moshaabehat gunah hai, gunaah ke lehaaz se dono mushtarak hain, zena ke liye maalum hai ke is me 4 gawaahon ki zarurat hai lekin qatl ke bare me nahi maalum ke is me ketne gawaahon ki zarurat hai lehaaza dono me gunaah jaisi moshaabehat ki bena par aur bada gunaah hone ki wajah se qeyaas kar ke kahen qatl me bhi 4 ya is se zeyadah gawaahon ki zarurat hai
Agar qeyaas par amal karen to isi tarah amal karna hoga jabke aisa nahi hai, qatl me sirf 2 gawaah kaafi hain
Imaame Baaqir (a.s) aur Imaame Saadiq (a.s) ke shaagird Abu Hanifah Saheb qeyaas karne me bahot mahir the, aasmaan se zamin tak qeyaas karte the, oun ka aek waqeya ye hai ke :
Aek din ye naa'ei ki dokaan (Barber shop) ga'ae, daadhi (داڑھی) ke kuchh baal safed ho ga'ae the, naa'ei se kaha safed baal ko nikaal do taake dobaara safed baal na niklen, to naa'ei ne kaha safed baalon ki khaasiyat ye hai ke ouse jetna nikalen ge ous se zeyadah nikalte hain, to kaha kaale balon ko nikaal do
Ye qeyaas hai, agar ye baat sahih hai ke safed baal nikaale jaa'aen to zeyaadah nikalte hai phir kaale baalon ko nikaal do taake kaale baal zeyaadah niklen
Agar is tarah ki baat wa qaa'aedah sahih hai to sirf safed baalon ke ta'alluq se sahih hai, kaale baalon par ye qaa'aedah jaari nahi ho ga
Ye saheb deen wa ahkaame aelahi me bhi isi tarah qeyaas karte the, deen wa ahkaame aelaahi me qeyaas se eilmo yaqin hasil nahi hota balke gumaan wa kheyaal hota hai aur zanno gumaan deen me mana hai, qeyaas, eilmo yaqin aur deen se dur karta hai, deen ko naabud karta hai isi liye Maasumin (علیهم السلام) ne is ki bahot mazammat ki hai
Imaame Saadiq (a.s) ne apne pedar se aur oun ho ne apne jad se naql kiya hai ke Rasule Khoda (s.a) ne farmaya (naqle mafhum) :
Sabse pahle jis shakhs ne deen me apne qeyaas wa raa'ae se kaam liya wo Iblis tha
Iblis ne hukme aelaahi ke moqaabele kaha :
Mujh ko tu ne aag se payda kiya hai aur Aadam ko mitti se, lehaaza main aadam se behtar hun
Shaiytaan qeyaas hi ki wajah se gumraah hua
Ye rewaayat bhi Imaame Saadiq (a.s) se naql hui hai :
Jo dini omur me apne qeyaas aur raa'ae se kaam le to khoda wande aalam roze qeyamat ous ko Iblis ka ham nashin qarar de ga
Lehaza khoda se darna chahiye aur deen ke mo'aamelaat me apni raa'ae aur qeyaas ko dakhal na den
Khoda na kare agar is waqt koei shia deeni omur me apne qeyaas aur raa'ae se kaam le to aisa shia maulaa'ei nahi balke Iblis aur Abu Hanifah ka wakil hai
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